
Quanto conta l’educazione civica e ambientale nelle istituzioni scolastiche?

Questa è una copertina di Topolino del 1973. È una copertina semplice ma efficace, innovativa per un periodo in cui quasi nessuno si preoccupava di temi ambientali. Colpisce che un editore importante come Mondadori scelga di dedicare una copertina all’ambiente. I protagonisti della copertina non sono gli adulti, ma i ragazzini, i tre nipotini di Paperino. Questa copertina in qualche modo anticipa la realtà del 2018, quando molti adolescenti e giovani hanno iniziato a scioperare per il clima. La stessa Greta Thumberg ha iniziato il suo Skolstrejk för klimatet , (“Sciopero scolastico per il clima”), accusando gli adulti di averle rubato l’infanzia e il futuro.
È curioso che a lottare per l’ambiente, sin dal 1973, fossero i nipotini di Paperino, simbolo di una nuova generazione.
Ormai infatti è ben chiaro che sono soprattutto i giovani ad avere maggiormente a cuore l’ambiente, ma sono anche coloro che purtroppo subiranno i maggiori effetti della crisi climatica. Non a caso ci si riferisce a loro come generazione dei “nativi ambientali”, ovvero quelle generazioni nate già nel vivo della questione climatica. A differenza di altri, magari proprio del 1973, che invece ne stanno facendo i conti solo da adulti. Ecco perchè forse ignorarla è un lusso che possono permettersi.
“Siete voi il futuro di questo Paese”, ha affermato l’ex ministro dell’Ambiente Gian Luca Galletti, all’evento “Nativi ambientali”, organizzato nel 2015 all’interno di una campagna di comunicazione nazionale volta a sensibilizzare soprattutto i bambini alle buone pratiche ambientali.
“Dovete essere voi – ha aggiunto – le vere sentinelle dell’Ambiente, pronte ad educare i più grandi ai giusti comportamenti e a dirci dove sbagliamo. Avete il diritto di ereditare un mondo migliore – ha aggiunto il ministro parlando ai bambini – ma anche il dovere di prendervene cura, a partire dal vostro giardino, dalla vostra casa”.
Si auspica quindi che le generazioni future vedano il rispetto dell’ambiente come un’azione totalmente naturale e istintiva. Spesso attribuiamo ai bambini la responsabilità e la speranza di “salvare il mondo”, deresponsabilizzando i comportamenti degli adulti. Ma cosa stanno facendo gli adulti per preparare i più piccoli al futuro? E quanto sono pronti i bambini a questa responsabilità che graverà su di loro? Cosa stiamo facendo per diffondere consapevolezza tra i più piccoli?
In Italia una responsabilità grande è stata data alle istituzioni scolastiche con l’inserimento dell’educazione alla cura e al sostegno dell’ambiente. E dall’estero invece, che notizie abbiamo? Purtroppo dati sconcertanti arrivano dagli Stati Uniti, in cima alla classifica dei paesi più inquinanti del mondo, che dovrebbe trainare la transizione ma in realtà continua ad assumere posizioni controverse sulla crisi climatica.
L’autrice Katie Worth ha raccontato nel suo libro “miseducation. how climate change is taught in america”, come le aziende petrolifere e del gas statunitensi stiano manipolando i programmi scolastici e i libri di testo. Negli Stati Uniti, ogni stato può adottare i propri standard di riferimento per le scuole nel campo delle scienze, a differenza dell’Italia che possiede delle Indicazioni Nazionali volte al mantenimento di una soglia minima per tutti gli insegnamenti. Questi standard definiscono le linee guida, nonché gli specifici obiettivi e competenze da raggiungere in ogni insegnamento a seconda della fascia di età. In un secondo momento, gli standard scelti vengono riferiti agli editori con i quali, dopo una consultazione, procederanno alla stesura dei libri di testo.
Il problema nasce quando in stati come il Texas, il conflitto di interessi da parte dell’industria dei combustibili fossili non permette una corretta e obiettiva educazione all’ambiente, intralciando di fatto le riflessioni nelle scuole sulla crisi climatica. Un quadro che peggiora se si pensa al fatto che lo stato del Texas sia uno dei maggiori acquirenti di questi libri di testo, incidendo così sul resto del paese e, indirettamente, manipolando la narrazione intorno al tema.
Come racconta Katie Worth, nel corso degli anni alcuni rappresentanti dell’industria dei combustibili fossili hanno partecipato attivamente alla stesura degli standard di riferimento, cercando di influenzare a proprio favore il programma degli insegnamenti e sviare la discussione su argomenti di minore rilevanza. Così, nonostante molti tra insegnanti, genitori e attivisti nel campo dell’istruzione fossero pronti a inserire la crisi climatica nei programmi di tutti i corsi di base, la stessa descrizione del cambiamento climatico è stata riformulata per renderla meno incisiva. Molti argomenti sono stati omessi in quanto, secondo alcuni rappresentanti dell’industria, i dettagli dei recenti cambiamenti climatici, sarebbero troppo difficili da capire per gli allievi o addirittura alcune conclusioni a cui sono giunti gli scienziati di tutto il mondo non sarebbero del tutto verificate.
L’industria dei combustibili fossili, aggiunge Worth, lavora da decenni per far giungere i propri messaggi agli studenti, in tutti gli Stati Uniti. Le compagnie petrolifere finanziano anche iniziative di formazione dei docenti e producono guide didattiche sull’energia. Dal momento che però il Texas non è certo l’unico grande acquirente di libri scolastici, gli editori realizzano anche prodotti diametralmente opposti per stati, come la California, che invece abbracciano le acquisizioni scientifiche sul cambiamento climatico. In questo modo viene a crearsi un problema di equità, nel quale si vedranno chiari squilibri in termini di istruzione a seconda dello stato nel quale si frequenterà la scuola.
E in Italia?
L’Italia rappresenta sicuramente un esempio più virtuoso, fortunatamente non si registrano influenze di alcun tipo sull’editoria scolastica. Infatti, l’Italia è stato il primo Paese al mondo a rendere lo studio dei cambiamenti climatici una materia obbligatoria nelle scuole, firmando nel 2018 un protocollo d’intesa sull’educazione ambientale e allo sviluppo sostenibile. Con l’ex Ministro dell’Istruzione Lorenzo Fioramonti vediamo la messa in pratica di questo programma con la legge 20 agosto 2019 n.92, che comprende l’introduzione di 33 ore di educazione civica all’anno, circa un’ora a settimana da dedicare ai temi ambientali. In aggiunta è stata proposta l’ipotesi di ripensare, in chiave sostenibile, anche all’insegnamento di materie come geografia, matematica e fisica.
Tuttavia, sono presenti comunque fattori da tenere in considerazione che possono essere d’intralcio all’adozione di questi nuovi approcci scolastici. La velocità con cui viene chiesto un cambiamento simile può essere uno di questi. È infatti difficile ripensare adeguatamente un intero curricolo scolastico. Si pensi anche alla difficoltà di avere dei libri di testo all’altezza, i quali spesso non sono altro che collage di precedenti edizioni, con inevitabili contraddizioni ed errori.
Per di più, il tema della crisi climatica è un tema complesso, caratterizzato da relazioni causa effetto non lineari e in continuo divenire. È verosimile dunque ammettere che in questo modo i docenti per primi rischiano di non avere gli strumenti adeguati per trattare tematiche così complesse e veicolarle agli alunni nel modo corretto.
L’idea di Fioramonti non ha fatto che accelerare un processo di aggiornamento già in corso, che scaturiva dalla crescente attenzione del corpo docenti alla sostenibilità ambientale. Una pressione interna che ha reso evidente l’esigenza di inserire l’educazione ambientale nelle istituzioni scolastiche, per confrontarsi al meglio con i temi dell’attualità. Del resto, la qualità dell’insegnamento resta lo strumento principale per determinare l’efficacia didattica, ma è necessario rinforzare le basi scientifiche e tecnologiche e, non meno importante, adottare un linguaggio critico e consapevole, adeguato alla descrizione di temi con una complessità così elevata. La crisi climatica è una questione planetaria e chiede di essere studiata nel suo complesso, favorendo l’interdisciplinarietà e evitando suddivisioni disciplinari troppo rigide che non consentirebbero di cogliere il globale e l’essenziale. Per fare ciò, è fondamentale integrare anche altre materie economiche e sociali, per meglio descrivere una crisi che non è più soltanto ambientale.
La necessità di renderla una materia trasversale nasce anche dal fatto che è difficile dedicare un’ora a settimana all’educazione civica e ambientale e dare a questi temi la giusta rilevanza all’interno delle diverse materie, quando si cerca di rincorrere i programmi scolastici troppo fitti. Per questo motivo, l’ora rischia troppo spesso di diventare vuota ed essere vista come una perdita di tempo. Non possiamo ridurre la complessità della crisi climatica a un’ora di lezione, rischiamo di consumarla come un argomento qualunque. L’educazione all’ambiente è tale se si concretizza in un ambiente di apprendimento che non si limita a riprodurre verbalmente i valori della sostenibilità, ma è in grado di renderli tangibili. Per questo, nei libri di testo cominciano a trovarsi proposte di buone pratiche, azioni individuali e collettive, nonché piccole attività da mettere in pratica con tutta la classe.
Non possiamo negare ai bambini un’istruzione del clima, ma è necessario fornire loro modelli che permettano loro di sviluppare una sensibilità ambientale, in tutti i contesti in cui si trovano a crescere. E tale sensibilità non può essere trasmessa a parole ma con modelli. È fondamentale ripensare la scuola come portatrice di tali modelli e creare il contesto affinché possano prosperare. Solo così possiamo sperare di ottenere una vera rivoluzione culturale.



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